Lebanon's Biblical Glory at the Heart of Rome




A linguist by profession, a Lebanese by birth and an expat by choice/destiny.  These are the factors that explain, I suppose, why I am an assiduous seeker of Lebanon's subtle cultural fingerprints around the world… inside words. 

Yes, words! 

Words say it all you know! Etymology is the key to hidden valuable secrets enclosed within words. 

Historical truths and glorious pasts lie under a thin layer of the dust of time, waiting to be revealed by a sharp eye and a keen sense of curiosity. 

Questioning the names of places, of persons, of things, always reveals their origin and links them to dimensions unknown to us. 

As far as Lebanon is concerned, everywhere I looked, when abroad, I almost always found some connection, some link, that referred to our Lebanese heritage.

In this very instance, I happened to be strolling in the narrow streets of Rome by night to burn some of the calories gulped in sometime before at a restaurant serving exquisite Roman cuisine in the Testaccio area.  As I crossed Via Portico d'Ottavia, I looked up inadvertently and something caught my eye. A word engraved on a small dome in the middle of the street. A word that said: "Libani"!

Libani in Latin could only mean one thing, one name, one place: LEBANON. My homeland.

I went closer and there it was:  a small cupola-roofed sanctuary with one sentence engraved on it: "GLORIA LIBANI DATA EST EL, DECORUM CARMELI ET SARON". 

Even though I have never studied Latin, my brain cells scurried to work out  connections between scattered pieces of knowledge stored in there for years… A mental-mnemonic process at the end of which I was finally able to utter the translation: The glory of Lebanon will be given to it, the majesty of Carmel and Sharon. Isaiah 35:2.

I knew it was a bible verse praising the beauty of Lebanon.

I knew that "Gloria Libani" is the title preceding the names of the Patriarchs of the Maronite Church (check the link).

But I did not know the reason it was there. 

I took the pictures (figuring here above) and hurried back to my hotel room, turned on my laptop, activated the Wi-Fi connection and typed in some keywords on my Google browser. And there I found it. An article in Italian explaining it all.

That sanctuary was a temple dedicated to the Virgin Mary. According to the exact wording of the article it was "dedicated to the Lady of the Carmel, otherwise known as the Lady of Mount Lebanon"!

For the readers that are not well-versed in geopolitics, in modern times the Mount Carmel (Garden of God) and the Mount Lebanon are each located now on two hostile territories. 

Strange how history changes transforming in the process the division of lands and ultimately ideas and perceptions.

The article also mentioned that this sanctuary known in Italian as Il Tempietto del Carmelo (The little temple of the Carmel) was built by a family of grocers in 1759 to shelter a picture of the Virgin Mary placed upon an altar. 

Due to negligence and subsequent degradation, both the picture and the supporting altar were lost, but the structure remained.

Fortunately, in 2004 restoration works were initiated at the cost of 97.000 Euros, and finally the cupola and the engraved inscription crowning it were restored.

Being located at the entrance of Rome's Ghetto, locals also regard it as a symbol of peace vis-à-vis the inhabitants. But that's another issue. 

In the period when I made this discovery, Lebanon's name in the media was particularly associated with all negative things imaginable. 

Finding its name unexpectedly, glowing by night in all its glory in the heart of Rome and on top of a Marian sanctuary, within a sentence paying homage to its biblical splendour, was not only refreshing but also a witness to its beautiful and spiritually rich past, that for sure will make its way back again to the collective consciousness of humanity, against all odds. 

 

The Pyrgi Tablets: An Ancient Translation into Phoenician!


Probably not many of you have heard of three ancient engraved golden plaques known as the Pyrgi Tablets.
This unusual find was excavated in 1964, in what is nowadays Santa Severa in Italy, a port of the ancient Etruscan town of Caere (or modern-day Cerveteri). These tablets were made to record the dedication of a temple to the Phoenician goddess of fertility, Ishtar (also known as Astarté, Ashtarout, and Ashtoreth).
What makes those tablets special is the fact that they are bilingual: the original Etruscan text marking the occasion was actually translated into Punic/Phoenician, which has enabled researchers to use their knowledge of the Semitic Phoenician language to read and understand the otherwise undecipherable Etruscan. Etruscan is still one of the most mysterious world languages as it cannot be grouped within the Indo-European languages, despite the fact that its speakers were European-based.
Moreover, these tablets provide evidence of the spread of the Phoenician/Punic cultural influence in the Western Mediterranean in pre-Roman eras, and show just how revered were the Phoenician deities in that part of the world. The battle of Alalia where the allied Etruscan-Punic (Phoenician) fleet defeated the Greek ships, is one of the clear indicators of the bonds between those two ancient Mediterranean peoples.
Back to the Pyrgi Tablets, the other funny thing, according to Charles Krahmalkov, a professor of ancient Near Eastern languages and the author of a book on Phoenician-Punic grammar, is that the translator of the tablets was probably an Etruscan whose Phoenician language was not very fluent, since he/she was translating literally from Etruscan!
I have copied and pasted an English translation found on the Internet of the Phoenician text.
To the speakers of Arabic among you, I have transliterated into Arabic letters some of the Phoenician words engraved on the tablets. You will notice that these words are almost identical to certain Arabic words used in our modern times.
Please note that the Phoenician script did not use vowels, so one should guess how certain words are pronounced.

L-rbt l-ʕštrt.
To the lady Ashtaret.للربّة- عشترت
ʔr qdš ʕz, ʕš pʕl, w-ʔš ytn Tbryʔ Wlnš mlk ʕl Kyšryʔ.
This is the holy place, which was made, and which was donated by Tiberius Velianas who reigns over the Caerites.
قدوش/قديش (مقدس) فعل (صنع) ويعطن (أعطي - قدّم) ملك
B-yr zb Šmš, b-mtnʔ b-bt, wbn tw.
During the month of the sacrifice to the Sun, as a gift in the temple, he built an aedicula.
ذبح - شمش (شمس ) معطنة (عطية - هبة) بيت - وبنى
K-ʕštrt ʔrš b-dy l-mlky šnt šlš, b-yr Krr, b-ym qbr ʔlm
For Ishtar raised him with her hand to reign for three years in the month of Churvar, in the day of the burying of the divinity.
بديا (بيدها) لملكي (ليملك) شنات شلاش(سنوات ثلاث) - يوم - قبر - إيليم/عاليم؟ (الآلهة))

W-šnt lmʔš ʔlm b-bty šnt km kkbm ʕl.
And the years of the statue of the divinity in the temple [shall be] as many years as the stars above.
وشنوت (سنوات) إيليم (جمع إيل.؟ آلهة) بالبيت (الهيكل) كما، كوكبيم (كواكب) عل (العلى))

Middle Eastern Dilemma?: Cherchez le Lion!









Away from any political bias or comment, I decided today to tackle four of the many personalities that have shaped the Middle Eastern crisis, if not history, based on a common point they share: Their names.
Yes their names. Although seemingly not connected, these 4 men share a powerful etymological tie.

Few years back, on September 2000, when the Aqsa Intifada broke out, the name of Ariel Sharon was catapulted again to the limelight of the news scene.

The name Ariel has always had a familiar ring in my head: For years the Lebanese televisions have hyped "Ariel" as the best washing machine powder ever. Later on, our young minds were fascinated by Ariel, the little Disney's mermaid; earlier on adult males were keen on getting an eyeful of bombshell Arielle Dombasle.

But when Ariel (Sharon this time) notoriously re-emerged in the current events, I had developed by then my inclination to etymology and researching name meanings, and so I decided to look up the roots of this recurring name, be it a washing powder, a cartoon mermaid or a sinister Israeli belligerent.

"Ari-el" read the Webster's New World dictionary, means "The lion (Ari) of God (El)."
The dictionary mentioned that the name is of Hebrew origin, according to the usual judeo-centric trend. However, it has been historically proven that the "El" suffix indicates a Phoenician-Aramaic denomination. And even in Syriac language, Lion = Aryo...

So now we had a lion to our southern borders... But wait! That reminded me immediately of the most famous "lion" governing the areas to the east and north of our borders: Assad!
For you who are not familiar with Arabic, Assad is the translation of lion!

Almost a year later, on September 11, 2001 another major figure on the world and Middle East's scene reappeared clamorously: his name was Osama Bin Laden.
Ironically, the name Osama is another Arabic synonym of: LION!
Voilà, we had three active lions pulling the strings of politics in our region.
Whether Arabic, Hebrew or Aramaic, there was an influential lion somewhere, deciding other people's destinies.

Today as I was finalizing this post, I came across an interesting list of lion-based male names from all over the world. In the list the name "Gurion" caught my eye and, naturally, the name of Israel's David Ben Gurion came to mind.

Born David Green in Poland, he later adopted a Hebrew surname, opting for Ben Gurion, which meant: lion cub!
Unbelievable. Come to think of it, at least nowadays, the Middle East and the Near East are not natural habitats for lions, and yet many powerful personalities are named after those great felines.

Each of these four men are respectively regarded as heroes by their fans and as butchers by their opponents.
So we will leave it to time and history to decide how positive or negative the leonine namesake has been to this region!

A Preview of My Experimental English/Lebanese Glossary


In the following glossary I made a list of items of daily use, indicating the etymological origin and also the standard use in classical Arabic to show the differences.


(Drinking glass)/ Kebbeyeh (L)
Standard Arabic: Koub
Delete word
(Home) Garden/ Jnaineh (ar.)
Standard Arabic: Hadiqa
Delete word
(Plant) Pot/ Pot (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Assis
Delete word
(Window) Glass/ Loh 'zez (Lebanese)
Standard Arabic: Lawh zoujaj
Delete word
Airplane/ Tiyyara (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Ta'ira
Delete word
Arial/ Antenne (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Hawa'i
Delete word
Balcony/ Balcone (fr.); Varanda (It.)
Standard Arabic: Shourfa
Delete word
Ball/ Tabeh (Tr)/ Ballon (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Koura
Delete word
Bathtub/ Bagno (It)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Belt/ Zonnar (Gr); Ceinture (Fr)
Standar Arabic: Hizam
Delete word
Bookshelf/Maktabeh (ar.); Bibliotheque (fr.)
Standard Arabic: Maktaba
Delete word
Bottle/ Annineh (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Qinnina
Delete word
Bowl (shallow)/ Jatte (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Sultaniah
Delete word
Bra/ Soutien (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Sodriya
Delete word
Broom/ Mekensseh (Semetic - Arabic)
Standard Arabic: Miknassah
Delete word
Cable(s)/ Cable (Cablet) (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Selk; Cable
Delete word
Cake/ Gateau; Alib gateau (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Qaleb el halwa
Delete word
Can/Tankeh (It.)
Standard Arabic: Safiha
Delete word
Car/ Siyara Ar); Makana (It); Aarabieh (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Sayyara
Delete word
Cassette/ Cassette (Fr) Shrit cassette (Ar-Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Chain/ Sensél (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Silsila
Delete word
Chair/Kerseh (ar.)
Standard Arabic: Koursi
Delete word
Circuit breaker/ Dejonteur (Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Corn/ Dara (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Zoura
Delete word
Couch/ Canabeyeh (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Arika
Delete word
Curtain/Berdeye-Baradeh (plural) (Tr.)
Standard Arabic: Sitara; Sata'er
Delete word
Denier (playing cards)/ Dinereh (It)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Dining room/ Oudet (el) sofra (Tr.)
Standard Arabic: Ghourfat at-Taam
Delete word
Dish/ Sahn (Ar)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Doll/ Poupée (Fr); Lehbeh (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Doumya
Delete word
Door/ Béb (ar.)
Standard Arabic: Bab
Delete word
Doormat/Daaseh (t el beb) (ar.)
Standard Arabic: Mimsaha/ Hasseer
Delete word
Dress/ Fostan (Pers)
Standard Arabic: Foustan; Thawb
Delete word
Drops-Sweets-Candies/ Bonbon (Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Dustman/ Zebbel (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Zabbal
Delete word
Dustpan/ Majroud (Lebanese)
Standard Arabic: Majroud
Delete word
Eyeglasses/ Ouaynet (Dialectal Arabic)
Standard Arabic: Nazzarat
Delete word
Factory/ Maamal (Ar); Fabraca (It)
Standard Arabic: Maamal; Masnaa
Delete word
Feeding bottle/ Bibroneh (Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Floor tiles/ Blatt (ar.)
Standard Arabic: Bilat
Delete word
Folding screen/ Paravent (Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Frame (pictures)/ Berwaz (Pers); Cadre (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Ittar
Delete word
Freezer/ Tellejeh (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Thallajah
Delete word
Fridge/ Berrad (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Barrad
Delete word
Front room-Lounge/ Salon (Fr.)
Standard Arabic: Ghourfat al istiqbal
Delete word
Garage/ Parking (En); Maw
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Generator/ Moteur (Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Gift-Present/ Cadeau (Fr); Hdiyeh (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Hadiyah
Delete word
Gift/ Hdiyeh (Ar.); Cadeau-Cadoyet (plural) (Fr.)
Standard Arabic: Hadiya
Delete word
Hair/ Shaar (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Shaar
Delete word
Hand/ Id (Syr)
Standard Arabic: Yadd
Delete word
Handcuffs/ Kalabshet (Tr)
Standard Arabic: Aghlal
Delete word
Handle/Maskeh (Ar.)
Standard Arabic: Miqbad-Maska
Delete word
Hat/ Chapeau (Fr); Bornaita (IT deviated from Beretta)
Standard Arabic: Kouba'aa
Delete word
Head/ Rass (Proto-semitic)
Standard Arabic: Ra's
Delete word
Hearts (playing cards)/ Coubba (It)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Heater/ Deffeyeh (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Midfa'a
Delete word
Heating (system)/ Chauffage (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Nizam tadfi'a
Delete word
House/ Beit-Bet-Bayt (General semitic)
Standard Arabic: Bait
Delete word
Ice-cream/ Bouza (Pers)
Standard Arabic: Mouthallajat
Delete word
Jacket/ Jaquette (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Soutra
Delete word
Key/Mefteh (Ar.)
Standard Arabic: Mouftah
Delete word
Kitchen/ Matbakh (ar,)
Standard Arabic: Matbakh
Delete word
Lift/ Ascenseur (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Massaadd
Delete word
Light bulb/ Lamba (It)
Standard Arabic: Misbah kahrouba'i
Delete word
Linen/Sharshaf (Ar.)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Living room/ Oudet (el) aadeh (Tr.-Ar.)
Standard Arabic: Ghourfat al Joulous
Delete word
Microwave/ Microwave
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Nail enamel/ Eclador (?); Menicure (Fr); Vernis (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Tilaa al azhafir
Delete word
Nail file/ Mabrad (Dafir) (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Mabrad al Azhafir
Delete word
Necktie/ Cravatte (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Rabtat Onok
Delete word
Notebook/ Daftar (Pers.)
Standard Arabic: Daftar
Delete word
Pacifier/ Tétine (Fr); Mossassa (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Massassa
Delete word
Pantyhose/ Collant (Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Parquet/Parquet (Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Pier/ Sansoul (?)
Standard Arabic: Rassif al mina'
Delete word
Plant/ Zarriaa (syriac); Plante (Fr.)-Plantet (plural)
Standard Arabic: Nabta - Chatla
Delete word
Popcorn/ Bouchar (Levantine Arabic)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Powder (cosmetic use)/ Boudra (Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Quilt/ Lhaff (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Lihaff
Delete word
Rain/ Sheteh (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Mattar
Delete word
Saucepan/Tanjara (Tr.)
Standard Arabic: Qidr; Hella
Delete word
Scarf/ Écharpe (Fr); Shél (Pers); Shamlieh (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Lifaa; Wishah
Delete word
Shirt/ Amees; Chemise (Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Shutters/ (l) abat-jour (sing); abat-jourat (plural)
Misraa
Delete word
Skirt/ Tannoura (Syr)
Standard Arabic: Tannoura
Delete word
Slipper/ Pantoufle (Fr); Shohhata (Dialectal); Mesheiyeh (Ar)
Standard Arabic: Khouff
Delete word
Soap/ Saboun (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Saboun
Delete word
Socks/ Kalsset (It)
Standardd Arabic: Jawareb
Delete word
Spades (playing cards)/ Sbetteh (It)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Staff (playing cards)/ Bastouneh (It)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Stove/ Ghaz (Fr)
Standard Arabic: Mawkid ghaz
Delete word
Stretch ceiling/ Faux-plafond (Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Stroller/ Poussette (Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Table/Tawleh (ar.-it..)
Tawelah
Delete word
Tea cloth/ Sha'fit matbakh (Lebanese dialect)
Standard Arabic: Khorqa
Delete word
Television set/ Television; Televisione; TV
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Tennis shoes/ Espadrine (F)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Toilet paper roll/ Rouleau wara' toilette (Fr-Ar)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Tomato/ Banadoura (It)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Top (clothing item)/ Top (En) (Plural: Toppet)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Tracksuit/ Survetement (Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Trinkle/ Faux-bijoux (Fr); Colifichet/Colifichiet (Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Undershirt/ Fanella (It)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Underwear/ Kilotte (Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
VCR (Videocassette recorder)/ Video (L)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Waistcoat/ Gilet (Fr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Wallpaint/ Boya (Tr)
Click to add some notes
Delete word
Water hose/ Narbish-Nabrish (Farsi?)
Standard Arabic: Khourtoum
Delete word
Water pitcher/ Bri' (may) (Pers)
Standard Arabic: Ibriq
Delete word
Water tap/Hanafieh (Ar.)
Standard Arabic: Sanbour
Delete word
Water/ Maii (Syr)
Standard Arabic: Maa'